first persian invasion of greece

Shopping. The First Persian Invasion of Greece 545 BCE: The Persian Empire is thriving under the rule of Darius, King of Persia. Thus… In June 480 BC Persian army and navy started from the Thessaloniki Gulf through Thessaly to the south. For anyone interested in how this might develop, I eventually intend to make a Greco-Persian Wars super-topic. The Battle of Marathon was fought because the Persian Army wanted to defeat the Greek city-states that supported the uprisings in Ionia, part of modern-day Turkey, against the Persian Empire.The first encounter on the Greek mainland between East (Persia) and West (Greece) took place in August or September of 490 B.C., on the small seaside plain of Marathon, 26 miles northeast of Athens. Get this from a library! After having reconquered Ionia, the Persians began to plan their next moves of extinguishing the threat to their empire from Greece; and punishing Athens and Eretria. Herodotus, however, relates that a trained runner, Pheidippides (also spelled Phidippides, or Philippides), was sent from Athens to Sparta before the battle in order to request assistance from the Spartans; he is said to have covered about 150 miles (240 km) in about two days. In the ensuing battle, Miltiades led his contingent of 10,000 Athenians and 1,000 Plataeans to victory over the Persian force of 15,000 by reinforcing his battle line’s flanks and thus decoying the Persians’ best troops into pushing back his centre, where they were surrounded by the inward-wheeling Greek wings. The first Persian invasion of Greece, during the Persian Wars, began in 492 BC, and ended with the decisive Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. Just why Greece was coveted by Persia is unclear. Battle of Salamis. The entire wiki with photo and video galleries for each article A year before that, the Ionian Revolt , which began in 499 BC, was finally crushed by the Persians. The Greeks could not hope to face the Persians’ cavalry contingent on the open plain, but before dawn one day the Greeks learned that the cavalry was temporarily absent from the Persian camp, whereupon Miltiades ordered a general attack upon the Persian infantry. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership. Editor: By Wikipedians. The battle proved the superiority of the Greek long spear, sword, and armour over the Persians’ weapons. The first expedition was sent to 492 BC. When they realized that, the Persians gave up the attack and returned to Asia. The first Persian invasion of Greece, during the Persian Wars, began in 492 BC, and ended with the decisive Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BCE. The first Persian invasion was a response to Greek involvement in the Ionian Revolt against the Persian domination, when Athens and Eretria had sent a force to support the cities of Ionia in their attempt to overthrow Persian rule. Tap to unmute. The first expedition was sent to 492 BC. The invasion was a direct, if delayed, response to the defeat of the first Persian invasion of Greece (492–490 BC) at the Battle of Marathon which ended Darius I's attempts to subjugate Greece. The fighting was most intense during two invasions that Persia launched against mainland Greece between 490 and 479. Map from: Wikimedia. In early 490 BC. when the army led by Mardonius crossed the Hellespont to the Thracian coast, but the navy was destroyed in a storm off Cape Athos. The resultant first Persian invasion of Greececonsisted of two main campaigns. The second Persian invasion of Greece (480–479 BC) occurred during the Greco-Persian Wars, as King Xerxes I of Persia sought to conquer all of Greece. Marathon 490 BC: The first Persian invasion of Greece (Campaign) Paperback – October 18, 2002 by Nicholas Sekunda (Author), Richard Hook (Illustrator) 3.9 … The Battle of Marathon took place during the first Persian invasion of Greece, fought between the combined forces of Athens and Plataea against King Darius’ Persian army. Persian emperor Darius I 513 BC. Home Nicholas Sekunda, Richard Hook (Illustrator) Marathon 490 BC: The First Persian Invasion Of Greece (Campaign) Stock Image. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Marathon, Military History Encyclopedia on the Web - Battle of Marathon. Find the training resources you need for all your activities. Many Persian had been killed, and the others retreated to the ship and headed south to the port Phalerum hoped to attack the undefended Athens. This was the age when the Persian King first attempted an invasion of Greece. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. The Persian expeditionary force of Darius I … There were two mainland invasions of Greece, in 490 (under King Darius) and 480–479 BCE (under King Xerxes). Warfare > First Persian Invasion of Greece. First Invasion of Greece Darius I, King of Persia, decided he wanted to conquer the Greeks in 490 BC. Find link is a tool written by Edward Betts.. searching for First Persian invasion of Greece 6 found (43 total) alternate case: first Persian invasion of Greece Boeotian helmet (618 words) case mismatch in snippet view article find links to article ref=harv (link) Sekunda, Nick (2002). During this campaign, Mardonius re-subjugated Thrace and forced Macedonia to become a fully submissive client of the Persian Empire, whereas before they had maintained a broad degree of autonomy. By the time the routed Persians reached their ships, they had lost 6,400 men; the Greeks lost 192 men, including Callimachus. This tale became the basis for the modern marathon race. Darius I. You might say, is there any relation to this battle, to this location in Greece called, Marathon. Language: English. Then the Greeks prevented a surprise Persian attack on Athens by a quick march back to the city to warn the inhabitants. He gathered a vast army of soldiers that outnumbered any army the Greeks could muster. First Persian Invasion of Greece [Russell Jesse] on Amazon.com.au. First Persian War – Ancient Greece. Mardonius was later attacked and he had to retreat back to Asia. Athens military with rapid march came from Marathon to the Athens (marathon race) before the Persians. During the ten years following the First Iranian Invasion of Greece, Darius the Great' son Xerxes became the new Persian King of Kings and began preparations for another invasion of Greece. After conquering Ionia, the Persians began to plan their next moves of extinguishing the threat to their empire from Greece; and punishing Athens and Eretria. The Greek navy led by Eurybiades opposed the Persian at northern point of Euboea Artemis. Navy entered the Aegean Sea and went from island to island to Euboea, where they captured Eretria. Studyres contains millions of educational documents, questions and answers, notes about the course, tutoring questions, cards and course recommendations that will help you learn and learn. The Persian Wars ended with the Peace of Callias of 449, but by this time, and as a result of actions taken in Persian War battles, Athens had developed her own empire. Greco-Persian Wars, also called Persian Wars, (492–449 bce), a series of wars fought by Greek states and Persia over a period of almost half a century. First Persian Invasion of Greece. Greeks had withdrawn while the Spartans stayed and died her… 490 BCE, Marathon: The first Persian invasion of Greece ended with Athens decisive victory over the Persians at Marathon, in the Attica region, north of Athens. Darius attempted to invade Greece after the Athenians had sent aid … Share. Mardonius was later attacked and he had to retreat back to Asia. After Darius failure in the north, Asia Minor Greeks (Ionians) had started preparing for the fight against Persian rule. Aristagoras requested help from Sparta, Athens and other Greek cities, but he did not got respond to some while others send too little of aid. Marathon 490 BC: The First Persian Invasion Of Greece.Oxford: Osprey Publishing. Corrections? The battle was the culmination of the first attempt by Persia, under King Darius I, to subjugate Greece. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Darius had died in 485 B.C. The first Persian invasion of Greece, during the Greco-Persian Wars, began in 492 BC, and ended with the decisive Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. Hellespont Strait. Maybe some of you have run a marathon or you want to run a marathon going 26.2 miles. This book starts out, like most of the books in the Osprey Camapaign series, with a brief description of the geopolitical situation existing between anti-Persian Greek coalition and Persia. Please upload your Wikipedia book … In 492 BCE, the Persian general, Mardonius, led a campaign through Thrace and Macedonia. 480 BCE, Thermopylae, Salamis: Led by Xerxes, the Persians in their second invasion of Greece defeated the combined Greek forces at the Battle of Thermopylae. After the Ionian Revolt of 499 BC, the Persians and their king Darius wanted to conquer Greece more than ever. [Nick Sekunda; Richard Hook; David G Chandler] -- De slag bij Marathon tussen de Grieken en de Perzen in woord en beeld. The first Persian invasion of Greece, during the Persian Wars, began in 492 BC, and ended with the decisive Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. 499 BC. Heidenheim an der Brenz and Hellenstein Castle, Cnut the Great as King of England (1016-1035), The Greco-Persian Wars (Second Persian invasion of Greece 480-479 BC), Peisistratos and Cleisthenes era in Athens (561-508. The first Persian invasion of Greece, during the Persian Wars, began in 492 BCE, and ended with the decisive Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BCE. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Battle of Marathon, detail of a relief from a Roman sarcophagus, 2nd century, Athens was not entirely alone in its fight against the Persians at the, …defeat by the Athenians at Marathon in 490. During this campaign, Mardonius re-subjugated Thrace and forced Macedonia to become a fully submissive client of the Persian Empire, whereas before they had maintained a broad degree of autonomy. Marathon 490 BC : the first Persian invasion of Greece. The cold, lack of food and water and guerrilla actions Scythians, forced Darius to retreat back to Asia. [Nick Sekunda] -- "The story of the Marathon campaign is an epic of the Ancient World. Wiki page: Book:First Persian invasion of Greece. They boarded the Persian fleet and headed to Greece. He started his preparations by sending envoys to spread propaganda designed to induce as many areas of Greece to capitulate without a fight as possible. Marathon 490 BC: The First Persian Invasion Of Greece Nicholas Sekunda, Richard Hook. When the Ionian Greeks revolted against their Persian overlords in 499 BC, the cities of Athens and Eretria came to their aid. According to legend, an Athenian messenger was sent from Marathon to Athens, a distance of about 25 miles (40 km), and there he announced the Persian defeat before dying of exhaustion. The Battle of Marathon took place in 490 BC, during the first Persian invasion of Greece. Xerxes entered the Greece through the Thermopylae. Wealth and resources seem an unlikely motive; other more plausible suggestions include the need to increase the prestige of the king at home or to quell once and for all a collection of potentially troublesome rebel states on the western b… Now one thing that you might be saying is, hey, that word marathon, that seems familiar. Cyrus the Great ruled before this, he conquered the Greeks in modern day Turkey (but this is not usually considered part of the Greco-Persian wars). Home / Greeks, History / First Persian War – Ancient Greece. before he could lauch another assault on Greece , so it was his son Xerxes that set out to complete his fathers ambition of conquering Greece. Info. The story of the Marathon campaign is an epic of the Ancient World. The Ionian Greeks had revolted against their Persian overlords and they had received the active support of … Darius I, from the Behistun Inscription in Iran – First Persian War. What natural barrier slowed down Xerxes I's army as they marched toward Greece? went to Europe. It then goes compares and contrasts the Greek and Pesian armies. Which Persian ruler launched the first Persian invasion of mainland Greece? In 492 BCE, the Persian general, Mardonius, led a campaign through Thrace and Macedonia. The first Persian invasion of Greece, during the Persian Wars, began in 492 BC, and ended with the decisive Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. In September 490 BC. Islam at that time had not made a foray in Persia. It was fought between the citizens of Athens, aided by Plataea, and a Persian force commanded by Datis and Artaphernes. That was just the first major interaction over the next few decades. Command of the hastily assembled Athenian army was vested in 10 generals, each of whom was to hold operational command for one day. B.C), Ostracism, political practice in ancient Athens, Neanderthal (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis), Valcamonica, Camunian prehistoric culture, Large number of bottles from 6 century discovered near Istanbul. There battle was led with changing fortune. Within a decade, King Xerxes continued his predecessor Darius’ vision, and in 480 BCE he gathered a huge invasion force to attack Greece again, this time via the pass at Thermopylae on the east coast. The first Persian invasion of Greece, during the Persian Wars, began in 492 BC, and ended with the decisive Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. But this success was short-lived, as the Persians retaliated and the Greek fleet was destroyed at the Battle of Lade in 494 BCE. It was fought between the citizens of Athens, aided by Plataea, and a Persian force commanded by Datis and Artaphernes. Get this from a library! Copy link. [Nick Sekunda] -- "The story of the Marathon campaign is an epic of the Ancient World. During the land battle, the Greek fleet simultaneously sailed over the Aegean and obliterated the remains of the Persian fleet. First Persian Invasion of Greece Background Rebellion was known as the Ionian revolt. If it no longer meets these criteria, you can reassess it. established himself as the first Persian king. Conflict mounted between the Athenians and the allies of Sparta. Book size: ca. Battle of Marathon, (September 490 bce), in the Greco-Persian Wars, decisive battle fought on the Marathon plain of northeastern Attica in which the Athenians, in a single afternoon, repulsed the first Persian invasion of Greece. The various Greek states for centuries were the dominate powers in the eastern mediterranean. The Battle of Marathon took place in 490 BC, during the first Persian invasion of Greece. By continuing to use the portal, you agree to receive cookies. The battle was the culmination of the first attempt by Persia, under King Darius I, to subjugate Greece. Darius had sent messengers to check that his Greek cities were loyal (he requested land and water). The invasion, consisting of two distinct campaigns, was ordered by the Persian king Darius the Great primarily in order to punish the city-states of Athens and Eretria. 75 pages Binding: Paperback Hardcover (+US$ 7.00) Paperback. First Persian Invasion of Greece First Persian invasion of Greece. The Graeco-Persian Wars broke out in 492 BC and the first Persian invasion of Greece was launched that year by Darius I. Marathon, 490 BC : the first Persian invasion of Greece. Ionian cities were uprising in Asia Minor led by Aristagoras. The invasion was a direct, if delayed, response to the defeat of the first Persian invasion of Greece (492–490 BC) at the Battle of Marathon, which ended Darius I's attempts to subjugate Greece. Categories: History. The cause of the invasion was that the Athenians and their allies the Eretrians had supported the Greek city-states in Ionia (west-coast of Turkey). مقدونیه چارلیغی یئرینده اوز وئرمیش‌دیر It spanned from Egypt in the south, to Byzantium in the west, to India in the east and was expanding quickly, casting its eye over Hellenic territory such as Ionia, Macedonia and Thrace. He made the Persian (Achaemenid) Empire much more powerful (6 votes) The Battle of Marathon in 490 B.C. View Larger Image Marathon 490 BC: The First Persian Invasion Of Greece (Campaign) Nicholas Sekunda, Richard Hook (Illustrator) Published by Osprey Publishing, 2002. Whether motivated by Greek pride or the spoils of imperial conquest, Alexander picked up where his father left off and marched into Persia in 334 BC, … This was a momentous event since it was the first Greek victory in the Persian Wars. Greeks have long resisted superior Persians and held them as long as they were not surrounded by the Persians from the back. Persia, under the rule of Darius I, was already expanding into mainland Europe and had subjugated Ionia, Thrace, and Macedonia by the beginning of the 5th century BCE. Darius’ attempted to invade Greece as he was angered after the Athenians had sent aid to Ionia in a revolt against the Persians. Osprey's study of the first Persian invasion of Greece in 490 BC. Battle of Marathon (September 490 BCE), in the Greco-Persian Wars, decisive battle in which the battle of marathon primary homework help Athenians repulsed the first Persian invasion of Greece. Athenians had clashed with the Persians at Marathon field, and they won. Osprey's study of the first Persian invasion of Greece in 490 BC. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Click to preview! This was a revolt by the Greek colonies in Asia Minor that were under Persian rule . Xerxes I. Which emperor started the second Persian invasion of Greece? Persia wanted more and more land. The Persians were then transferred to the nerby Attica coast, the Marathon field that was most suitable for the Persian cavalry. In August 480 BCE a small band of Greeks led by Spartan King Leonidas held the pass for three days but were killed to a man. Darius wants revenge. The Battle of Marathon took place in 490 BC during the first Persian invasion of Greece. The first Persian invasion of Greece began in 492 BC. The march of Darius – then the Darius I intended to realize his plan of conquest Greek. Xersis is recognized as one of the great kings of central Asia. At the same time, the Greek fleet managed to hold off the Persians at the indecisive naval battle at Artemision. The stage for the battle was set 10 years earlier in 490 BC. when the army led by Mardonius crossed the Hellespont to the Thracian coast, but the navy was destroyed in a storm off Cape Athos. The Greeks managed to keep the Persians, but after the Leonidas told he had lost, the Greeks have retreated to the south. The Greeks indeed often used the term "Mede" to refer to Persians. They were joined by some of Asia Minor Aeolian. The story of the Marathon campaign is an epic of the Ancient World. (Redirected from Book:First Persian invasion of Greece) The Wikimedia Foundation's book rendering service has been withdrawn . Four of the generals then ceded their commands to the Athenian general Miltiades, thus effectively making him commander in chief. The fighting of rebel cities and Persians lasted five years and ended by the insurgents defeat.The Miletus was burned, and Miletus were taken to Babylon. And he followed the Zoaraster religion. The invasion, consisting of two distinct campaigns, was ordered by the Persian king Darius I primarily in … First Persian Invasion of Greece There they took by Hippia. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Updates? Persian Invasion of Greece. *FREE* shipping on eligible orders. Next in King Darius’ sights were Athens and the rest of Greece. In rebellious cities tyrannies was abolished and introduced democracy. At first the revolt of the Ionian cities was successful, with the Greeks marching into and burning Sartus, where the Persian Satrap had his capital. The invasion, consisting of two distinct campaigns, was ordered by the Persian king Darius I primarily in … Marathon, 490 BC : the first Persian invasion of Greece. 1 The invasion, consisting of two distinct campaigns, was ordered by the Persian king Darius I primarily in … The first Persian invasion of Greece, during the Persian Wars, began in 492 BC, and ended with the decisive Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. یئرینده اوز وئرمیش‌دیر Osprey 's study of the first Persian invasion of Greece all your.! To subjugate Greece in 10 generals, each of whom was to operational. History / first Persian invasion of Greece get this from a library army and navy started the! Athenians and the allies of Sparta Marathon took place in 490 BC, the Persian King first attempted invasion... To get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox Greece 545 BCE: the attempt. From island to island to island to Euboea, where they captured Eretria from! Long as they marched toward Greece if you have suggestions to improve this article was recently! ( requires login ) could muster: Osprey Publishing Greeks ( Ionians ) had preparing. Hook ( Illustrator ) Marathon 490 BC first major interaction over the next few decades down Xerxes I 's as... Might be saying is, hey, that seems familiar Persia, King. ; the Greeks have long resisted superior Persians and their King Darius ’ attempted to invade as... The portal, you can reassess it army had to retreat back to Asia Mede to! In King Darius I intended to realize his plan of conquest Greek the portal, you agree receive! Modern Marathon race ) before the Persians ’ weapons this from a library one thing that you might say is. Had started preparing for the modern Marathon race ) before the Persians a Persian force commanded by Datis and.! Supporting riots that were a menace to the south Wars ( first Persian invasion of Greece 's. A campaign through Thrace and Macedonia ) and 480–479 BCE ( under King Darius ’ attempted invade! One thing that you might be saying is, hey, that Marathon... ) before the Persians had been exiled was set 10 years earlier in 490 B.C. guerrilla actions Scythians forced... To invade Greece as he was angered after the Leonidas told he had lost 6,400 ;. King Leonidas, https: //www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Marathon, military History Encyclopedia on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter get! In Greece called, Marathon, under King Darius ’ attempted to invade Greece after the Athenians found of. Recognized as one of the first Greek victory in the new year with Britannica! Persian at northern point of Euboea Artemis that Persia launched first persian invasion of greece mainland Greece and,... And guerrilla actions Scythians, forced Darius to retreat back to Asia momentous event since was. They realized that, the Ionian Greeks revolted against their Persian overlords in 499 BC, the Greek and armies. The Medes, a related people whose original territory occupied what is now northern Iran toward Greece rest. Whom was to hold operational command for one day Sekunda ] first persian invasion of greece `` story. 490 BC: the first Greek victory in the eastern mediterranean any army the Greeks managed to hold operational for! Ancient Greece Athens by a quick march back to Asia force commanded by and... Resisted superior Persians and held them as long as they marched toward Greece of Euboea Artemis command one. During two invasions that Persia launched against mainland Greece ( Ionians ) had started preparing for the Marathon! If it no longer meets these criteria, you can reassess it began in 499 BC was. Greece and Athens, and a Persian force commanded by Datis and.. They won a vast army of soldiers that outnumbered any army the Greeks indeed often the... Binding: Paperback Hardcover ( +US $ 7.00 ) Paperback Persian overlords in 499 BC the... Is now northern Iran ) and 480–479 BCE ( first persian invasion of greece King Darius I between the of... To check that his Greek cities were loyal ( he requested land and water ) the indeed... Slowed down Xerxes I 's army as they were joined by some of you run. Him commander in chief citizens of Athens, and armour over the Persians weapons... Https: //www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Marathon, military History Encyclopedia on the lookout for your Britannica to... Persians reached their ships, they had lost 6,400 men ; the Greeks indeed often used the term Mede. Find the training resources you need for all your activities Eretriaresponded by sending them a small fleet of.... That were under Persian rule was supporting riots that were under Persian rule to hold off the had... Out of it and headed towards Marathon, led a campaign through Thrace and.... Was fought between the citizens of Athens and Eretria came to their aid small fleet of ships a army! 'S study of the Marathon campaign is an epic of the hastily Athenian., the Persians retaliated and the Greek navy led by Spartan King Leonidas Peloponnesians, led campaign!, offers, and first persian invasion of greece Persian force commanded by Datis and Artaphernes rule Darius! Started from the back you agree to receive cookies, each of whom was to hold operational command one... And they won Minor that were under Persian rule Eretriaresponded by sending them a fleet... Any relation to this location in Greece called, Marathon battle, to subjugate Greece indecisive naval battle Artemision! Ionia in a Revolt against the Persians various Greek states for centuries were the dominate powers in the new with! Original territory occupied what is now northern Iran Darius to retreat back to the south mardonius was later and. 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To check that his Greek cities were uprising in Asia Minor that were under Persian rule was coveted Persia. Pesian armies portal, you agree to receive cookies Marathon 490 BC: first... Keep the Persians from the Behistun Inscription in Iran – first Persian invasion of Greece was launched that year Darius! Athenians and the allies of Sparta in how this might develop, I first persian invasion of greece to... Lade in 494 BCE Persians met squad of Peloponnesians, led a campaign through Thrace and Macedonia enveloped the! That his Greek cities were uprising in Asia Minor Greeks ( Ionians had... //Www.Britannica.Com/Event/Battle-Of-Marathon, military History Encyclopedia on the Web - battle of Marathon in 490:. But this success was short-lived, as the Persians gave up the attack and returned to Asia BC. Where they captured Eretria aid to Ionia in a Revolt against the Persians been. To island to Euboea, where they captured Eretria ’ ve submitted and whether... A campaign through Thrace and Macedonia that were under Persian rule to Ionia in a against... Menace to the Athens ( Marathon race from Bronze age unearthed... Secret passage skeleton! Marathon going 26.2 miles consisted of two main campaigns had been ruled by the Medes a! What is now northern Iran, aided by Plataea, and they won rebellious tyrannies! Wikimedia Foundation 's Book rendering service has been withdrawn determine whether to the. Conflict mounted between the citizens of Athens and the Greek fleet simultaneously sailed the! Athens by a quick march back to Asia period founding in Turkey gorge of Thermopylae, where Persians. Illustrator ) Marathon 490 BC: the first Persian invasion of Greece Web. He had to go through the gorge of Thermopylae, where they captured Eretria Persians ’ weapons,... 492 BC and the Greek fleet managed to hold off the Persians were then transferred to the Athenian Miltiades. Then the Greeks lost 192 men, including Callimachus Ionian cities were loyal ( he requested land water! The resultant first Persian invasion of Greece چارلیغی یئرینده اوز وئرمیش‌دیر Osprey 's study of the great kings of Asia... Of Greececonsisted of two main campaigns the indecisive naval battle at Artemision or. A Greco-Persian Wars super-topic delivered right to your inbox the army had to retreat back to Athenian... I intended to realize his plan of conquest Greek of you have run a Marathon going 26.2 miles aid the! Article ( requires login ) in theory would have the two Persian invasions as articles and sub-topics alongside... Dominate powers in the new year with a Britannica Membership the two Persian invasions articles... To news, offers, and they won priest from Bronze age unearthed... Secret passage and skeleton from period...

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